Even people without symptoms need to monitor the disease to make sure their doctor is aware of any changes. If your doctor recommends medication, it is critical to take the medication on a regular schedule and not skip doses, even if the side effects are uncomfortable. Abstain from alcohol and drug use. Your doctor cannot help you unless you help yourself.

There is a widely held belief in the medical community that better hepatitis C treatments will be forthcoming, but unfortunately, at this time, treatment outcomes are not ideal.

Only 15 percent of acute patients are disease-free by six months. After that time, most patients proceed to chronic infection. What we can do is take measures to educate people about the disease and prevent the spread of infection.

It is also important to raise awareness so those who do not know they are infected can be diagnosed and get the proper care. Once they are aware that they have hepatitis C, they should take precautions not to spread the disease to others.

Clinical studies are very important to determine how this disease can be best treated. The National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control advocate that patients enroll in clinical studies and trials.

Over 80% of the cells acted in a manner indistinguishable from the normal, dopamine-producing cells found in mice, the investigators report. And when the cells were injected into mice, they survived and integrated into the brain, suggesting they were stable.

The technique could be used to produce a supply of human cells for transplant into patients, according to the report.

Indeed, such cell replacement therapies “may become of major clinical importance in the treatment of human neurodegenerative disorders, many of which now lack effective, or even ameliorating, therapies,” according to an editorial by Dr. Olle Lindvall, of University Hospital in Lund, Sweden.

“The findings of Arenas and colleagues represent an important step in this direction,” he writes. However, much more research is needed to determine if they would be safe in humans, and stable enough to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

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If the technique can also be used to produce human cells, researchers hope that this could offer an unlimited source of cells for transplantation, in contrast to the limited amounts of fetal tissue now used for such transplants.

Parkinson’s disease is caused by a destruction of the dopamine-producing cells of the brain, which results in tremors, uncontrolled movements and difficulty walking. While medication can control the symptoms, eventually the drugs stop working. Previous studies have indicated that replacing the damaged cells improves Parkinson’s symptoms.

According to a report in the July issue of Nature Biotechnology, Dr. Ernest Arenas of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, and colleagues may have discovered a way to produce large amounts of the necessary brain cells, taken from mice, in the laboratory.

The researchers inserted a gene, Nurr1, which is required for the development and survival of dopamine-producing nerve cells, into mouse stem cells, which are immature cells that can give rise to different types of nerve cells. While stem cells are derived from fetal tissue, they can be grown indefinitely in the laboratory, cutting down on need for embryonic tissue.

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Sometimes children are exposed to heavy amounts of lead when their homes are renovated or when leaded paint is stripped from walls and woodwork. Infants and toddlers can be poisoned if their juice is stored in imported pottery made with a lead glaze (U.S. pottery glaze does not contain lead, by law). The mild acidity of the juice slowly leaches the lead out of the glaze and results in unsuspected lead poisoning.

What is a “normal” lead level? Ideally it should be zero! But an “acceptable” level of blood lead is somewhere less than 10 micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood. The good news is that the average blood lead level of American adults and children has come down from 16 micrograms per deciliter in 1976 (when leaded gasoline was in use) to less than 10 micrograms per deciliter today. The bad news is that 2 percent of our population still has blood lead levels of more than 10 micrograms per deciliter, and many are young children living in communities with old, deteriorating housing.

What are the signs of lead poisoning in infants and toddlers? In its most severe form (blood lead level above 100 micrograms per deciliter), lead poisoning results in brain swelling, seizures, coma and death. Children often have anemia or abnormal kidney function also. But lead poisoning in children usually occurs without signs or symptoms until the lead burden becomes extreme.

What is of most concern is new evidence that suggests lead poisoning may result in abnormal infant and childhood development, with such problems as lack of attention, decreased hearing and learning difficulties. Because lead poisoning is more likely to be associated with poor housing and poor nutrition, children in poverty are at the highest risk for lead poisoning. And the lead burden they bear may also put them at risk for abnormal development and school failure.

Lead poisoning can be treated, using medications like EDTA, succimer or dimercaprol, to chelate the lead and allow it to be excreted in the urine. However, lead poisoning is chronic. Treatment can extend many painful months, and often in the hospital setting.

The child’s total body burden of lead can be reduced by environmental and chelating measures, but our society must do all we can to prevent the developmental toll of even mild lead poisoning.

Please ask your pediatrician about testing your child’s lead level, and about ways in which you can work in your community to reduce this threat to our children’s well-being.

In the first half of the 20th century, the widespread use of leaded “super” gasolines caused heavy lead contamination of the air in urban areas and of the soil alongside roads, and contributed to high blood lead levels in both adults and children. Lead has been virtually eliminated from gasoline starting from the ’70s, and blood lead levels have dropped remarkably. But for children, other sources of potential lead poisoning remain.

The most severe lead poisoning in children continues to come from leaded paint, which was used inside U.S. homes until at least 1950, and used outdoors on houses, barns, fences and other structures until the ’70s. Homes built before the 1950 should be assumed to be potential sources of lead poisoning for young children who live or attend day care there. When leaded paint deteriorates over time, the paint flakes turn to powder and settle as lead-contaminated house dust.

Young children are at particular risk for lead poisoning because they spend so much time on floors, because they are likely to put things in their mouths, and because they may even eat chips of paint from windowsills or floors.

It is estimated that one thumbnail-sized chip of leaded paint is enough to cause very severe lead poisoning in a toddler.

Soil near the bases of houses or other outdoor structures may also be contaminated with lead, especially in rural areas. Children sometimes eat dirt (a behavior called pica), and they often eat it with unwashed hands, or lick their fingers and hands when eating sticky items, such as Popsicles or ice cream cones. These behaviors can allow them to take in much more lead than is acceptable.

The test can detect hidden blood in the stool — a sign that might indicate a precancerous polyp or cancer. If the test does find blood in the stool, doctors may be able to diagnose the problem during a colonoscopy. If they discover a precancerous polyp, they can remove it during the colonoscopy and therefore prevent the cancer altogether. That means the at-home screening system could lead to early diagnosis, early treatment, early cure and cancer prevention.

Researchers followed more than 46,000 patients who used the test. They reported that the simple screenings reduced the incidence of colorectal cancer by 20 percent. A lead investigator in the study says that means colorectal cancer is now a preventable disease.

The test is recommended for anyone at risk: people aged 50 or older, people with a family history of colon cancer, those who are obese or those who are sedentary. Even if you don’t have risk factors, you may want to consider taking the test on a regular basis.

The study also found that 80 percent of Americans have never used the test, and that many more lives may be saved if more people did.You can get the test from your healthcare provider or your local drugstore.

There are many forms of it, so ask your doctor which is best for you and how often you should test yourself.

Treatment for scoliosis has been around for hundreds of years; some forms were pretty miserable. Patients were often strapped to racks with arms and legs pulled. Plaster of Paris braces were worn for months at a time. Metal jackets weighing thirty or more pounds were used. Fortunately, things have improved.

Braces are worn in about twenty percent of children with scoliosis. They only need to be worn sixteen to eighteen hours per day and are more lightweight and comfortable than before. Some are made of lightweight plastic and cannot even be noticed by a person standing close-by the wearer. The brace acts as a stabilizing device and prevents the curvature from becoming worse. It will never straighten the spine to normal, but if successful, it will not allow the scoliosis to progress more than five to ten degrees.

What is the surgery like?

Although braces often do their job well, bone fusion eventually becomes necessary for one to two patients out of every ten. The surgery requires taking small pieces of bone from the person’s pelvis and inserting them between the vertebrae (the bones that make up the spinal column). The bones eventually grow together to form a bony ridge. During the operation, the surgeon puts in metal rods, hooks, and wire to keep the spine straight until the tiny pieces of bone fuse.

The surgery takes from four to ten hours, and the patient can usually go home from the hospital in about a week. Some activities can be started in three to four months, and by six months all activities can be resumed.

One year after the surgery, all of the bone fusion should have taken place. The rods placed in the back hold the spine straight while the bones fuse. This replaces a brace for children who have surgery. The only reason the rods are not removed after the fusion is because it would require more surgery.

After proper treatment, most children go on to live normal lives. They can participate in sports and have no limitations in their activities. Early detection and treatment allows scoliosis to be managed effectively. Be sure your doctor does a scoliosis screen at every yearly physical. With early detection and good management, children afflicted with scoliosis will grow to be healthy, active adults.

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In the United States, nearly half the states require public schools to screen for scoliosis. The test is not painful or uncomfortable at all. The child is asked to bend parallel to the floor and touch their toes without bending at the knees. Medical personnel can then see any curvature in the spine. A positive screen requires a comprehensive evaluation by a pediatrician.

Sometimes a curvature of the spine is only visible with a body tilted to the left or right. In some children, one shoulder blade raises higher than the other. An uneven hem line on trousers or skirts or an asymmetrical waistline might signify previously-undetected scoliosis. Scoliosis screening should be part of every yearly physical done by the pediatrician.

What happens when scoliosis is detected?

If the curvature appears significant, the pediatrician may order an x-ray of the spine. Subsequent referral to an orthopedist depends upon the amount of curvature. An orthopedist, or bone doctor, has considerable experience in dealing with scoliosis. The orthopedist decides what, if any, treatment is necessary. The options are a back brace, surgery to correct the spine, or watching to see if the curve progresses over time. The treatment depends on whether the scoliosis is mild, moderate, or severe.

By studying the x-rays and using a measurement called the Cobb angle, the orthopedist can calculate the curvature in degrees. Ten to fifteen degrees is considered mild; nothing needs to be done except regular checkups to make sure that the curve is not getting worse. A curve of twenty to forty degrees usually requires a brace, and a deformity of greater than forty degrees most likely requires surgery.

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What does scoliosis do to the body?

The body must compensate for reduced lung capacity due to the deformity of the rib cage by expending extra energy to breathe. There may be tension or pressure on the spinal cord, leading to pain or reduced capabilities in the legs as well. Menstrual irregularities are noted in young ladies with significant scoliosis, suggesting a hormonal implication.

The human spine has a natural S-curve which can be observed in profile. Furthermore, no one has a spine that is perfectly straight when viewed from the back. When a curve becomes too pronounced, however, there is cause for concern.

Excessive curvature can keep muscles and bones from developing and functioning properly. A large curve can even interfere with breathing and circulation by impeding the work of critical organs. Symptoms that accompany scoliosis vary with each case, but they may include mood swings, headaches, backaches, digestive problems, menstrual cycle disturbances, and leg, hip, and knee pain.

What causes scoliosis?

No one really knows what causes idiopathic (unknown) scoliosis. Scoliosis does run in families. It affects more girls than boys; girls are far more likely to require treatment, and their curvature is more likely to increase in time. Adolescent girls over the age of nine years old are five times more likely to be diagnosed with scoliosis than their male counterparts.

Some forms of scoliosis have a genetic basis. Using the new tools of molecular biology, it is possible that the specific genes related to the condition will be discovered soon. Understanding the gene effects in the body will lead to more effective detection, prevention, and treatment.

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Acetaminophen is effective for pain relief but not for inflammation. It’s easier on the stomach than either aspirin or ibuprofen, and it’s the only one of the three that does not significantly prolong bleeding.

People who are having medical procedures that cause bleeding (such as tooth extractions) — and people with ulcers, frequent nosebleeds or other bleeding problems — should take acetaminophen for pain relief.

Cautions

Taking larger-than-recommended doses for several weeks can cause liver damage.Daily use for several months may damage the kidneys.

Combining larger-than-recommended doses with heavy alcohol consumption can be dangerous.